This relates to British citizens living abroad statistics from 1990 to 2017. And also provides the details of immigrants living in the UK by country of origin. Moreover, the post also tries to answer: how long British Citizen can stay outside the UK in the light of the British Nationality Act 1981 and immigration rules.
How Many British Citizens are Living Abroad?
During 1990 to 2017, the number of British citizens living abroad has increased from 3.79 m to 4.92 m. In fact, the most popular destination for Brits choosing to emigrate is Oceania as 33% of all British-born emigrants in 2017 are living in Australia or New Zealand. Moreover, 28% of British citizens are living abroad in US or Canada and 26% in the EU – of which 6% lived in Ireland. Furthermore, 69% of British citizens living in the EU are in Spain, France or Germany in 2017.
How long British Citizen can stay outside the UK?
Perhaps, a short answer is that Section 40 of the British Citizenship Act 1981 does not indicate any reason for depriving British Citizenship for any length of stay abroad. Therefore, British Citizenship can live in another country as long as he/she may deem appropriate. However, this could be misleading if we don’t try to understand the issues pertaining to purpose and permission of staying in another country.
How long a British Citizen can live in the EU?
The immigration status of Citizens is on a reciprocal basis. For instance, Britain joined the European Economic Community (EEC) on Jan 1, 1973. Accordingly, both the EEC (i.e. now EU) nationals and British nationals enjoyed the right of free movement, which may definitely change on and after March 29, 2019, due to BREXIT.
The free movement enables a British Citizen to live in EU without restrictions. Therefore, a British Citizen can live outside the UK in the EU as long as he/she deems necessary. However, even this free movement requires certain documentation. For instance, EEA or Swiss nationals intending to stay in Austria do not require any authorization. However, if EEA or a Swiss national intend to stay in Austria for more than three months, then needs to apply for ‘registration certificate’ within four months from entry into Austria.
How long a British Citizen can live in non-EU countries?
A reciprocal arrangement of UK also exists with non-visa nations such as the US, Canada etc. This arrangement has a limited scope and applies in the case for a temporary visit up to 180 days per visits. However, the purpose of such visits is only tourism, meeting family or attending business meetings etc. One can’t work or do business without specific permission. Since Britain allows Non-Visa Nationals a permission to STAY (not LIVE) in the UK for up to 180 days and the arrangement are on a reciprocal basis, therefore, British Citizens may also be allowed to STAY in those countries for up to 180 days. However, if a British Citizen migrates to a non-visa country then needs to abide by the immigration rules of that country- and may remain outside the UK as per the immigration rules of that country.
British Citizens Living Abroad in 1990 and 2017
| Year | 1990 | 2017 |
|---|---|---|
| Australia | 1,111,203 | 1,351,846 |
| United States of America | 640,145 | 748,206 |
| Canada | 688,691 | 624,411 |
| Spain | 61,463 | 308,872 |
| Ireland | 184,671 | 278,040 |
| New Zealand | 227,889 | 272,071 |
| France | 102,335 | 188,161 |
| South Africa | 117,362 | 123,764 |
| Germany | 103,961 | 103,700 |
| Italy | 59,492 | 72,234 |
| Channel Islands | 54,519 | 59,939 |
| Netherlands | 36,211 | 53,007 |
| Switzerland | 22,512 | 49,847 |
| Isle of Man | 30,510 | 39,614 |
| Cyprus | 9,055 | 39,497 |
| Poland | 3,732 | 36,186 |
| Bangladesh | 9,090 | 34,266 |
| Indonesia | 20,883 | 32,026 |
| Belgium | 21,480 | 28,234 |
| United Arab Emirates | 12,229 | 27,840 |
| Sweden | 11,473 | 25,558 |
| Turkey | 6,483 | 22,442 |
| Israel | 14,958 | 21,329 |
| Denmark | 9,126 | 21,286 |
| Norway | 14,586 | 20,827 |
| Chile | 1,428 | 18,901 |
| Portugal | 6,866 | 18,709 |
| China, Hong Kong SAR | 11,838 | 17,942 |
| Greece | 34,223 | 17,358 |
| Japan | 10,209 | 16,990 |
| Malta | 5,333 | 12,928 |
| Austria | 6,067 | 12,127 |
| Oman | 4,260 | 10,464 |
| Kuwait | 10,010 | 10,237 |
| Malaysia | 3,433 | 10,049 |
| Hungary | 521 | 9,392 |
| China | 4,737 | 9,308 |
| Botswana | 3,289 | 8,561 |
| Bulgaria | 59 | 8,025 |
| Zimbabwe | 19,136 | 7,560 |
| Libya | 8,712 | 7,393 |
| Finland | 1,738 | 7,055 |
| Luxembourg | 2,355 | 6,946 |
| Romania | 273 | 6,870 |
| Brazil | 3,849 | 6,061 |
| Gibraltar | 3,025 | 5,717 |
| Slovakia | 34 | 5,083 |
| India | 5,063 | 4,817 |
| Republic of Korea | 559 | 4,810 |
| Jamaica | 5,469 | 4,772 |
| Philippines | 6,028 | 4,416 |
| Czechia | 351 | 4,206 |
| Bermuda | 4,590 | 4,024 |
| Qatar | 2,886 | 3,917 |
| Mexico | 2,273 | 3,447 |
| Lithuania | 281 | 3,026 |
| Egypt | 3,051 | 2,961 |
| Barbados | 2,988 | 2,522 |
| Trinidad and Tobago | 2,157 | 2,383 |
| Ecuador | 719 | 2,222 |
| Brunei Darussalam | 1,996 | 2,172 |
| Thailand | 21 | 2,128 |
| Panama | 319 | 2,082 |
| Bahamas | 1,964 | 2,077 |
| Cayman Islands | 1,049 | 1,995 |
| Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) | 1,881 | 1,831 |
| Uganda | 1,071 | 1,754 |
| Russian Federation | 899 | 1,742 |
| Bahrain | 1,614 | 1,700 |
| Papua New Guinea | 2,192 | 1,700 |
| Peru | 1,185 | 1,699 |
| Namibia | 2,540 | 1,594 |
| Malawi | 769 | 1,486 |
| Iceland | 647 | 1,443 |
| Ghana | 972 | 1,399 |
| Zambia | 1,987 | 1,348 |
| Colombia | 991 | 1,322 |
| United Republic of Tanzania | 682 | 1,264 |
| Morocco | 828 | 1,243 |
| Sri Lanka | 48 | 1,193 |
| Viet Nam | 256 | 1,169 |
| Latvia | 117 | 1,111 |
| Antigua and Barbuda | 623 | 1,013 |
| Saint Lucia | 405 | 980 |
| Argentina | 2,391 | 978 |
| Andorra | 1,043 | 963 |
| Bolivia (Plurinational State of) | 580 | 939 |
| Falkland Islands (Malvinas) | 664 | 876 |
| British Virgin Islands | 440 | 834 |
| Jordan | 465 | 814 |
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 682 | 798 |
| Algeria | 2,060 | 793 |
| Croatia | 182 | 652 |
| Serbia | 79 | 642 |
| Dominica | 230 | 638 |
| Sierra Leone | 611 | 585 |
| Guyana | 131 | 579 |
| Costa Rica | 451 | 522 |
| Dominican Republic | 581 | 492 |
| Estonia | 31 | 463 |
| Belarus | 340 | 459 |
| Uruguay | 535 | 458 |
| Mauritius | 694 | 456 |
| Turks and Caicos Islands | 246 | 449 |
| Belize | 306 | 442 |
| Anguilla | 197 | 426 |
| Guadeloupe | 166 | 420 |
| Saint Helena | 274 | 398 |
| Fiji | 759 | 344 |
| Tajikistan | 477 | 322 |
| Dem. People’s Republic of Korea | 188 | 307 |
| Seychelles | 274 | 293 |
| Cameroon | .. | 276 |
| Guatemala | 125 | 232 |
| Liberia | 1,146 | 227 |
| Lebanon | 212 | 208 |
| Paraguay | 140 | 178 |
| Puerto Rico | 336 | 168 |
| Martinique | 67 | 152 |
| Vanuatu | 239 | 109 |
| Maldives | 94 | 107 |
| Montser rat | 156 | 106 |
| Faeroe Islands | 139 | 103 |
| Honduras | 78 | 103 |
| Cook Islands | 49 | 96 |
| Cambodia | 43 | 94 |
| El Salvador | 135 | 90 |
| Mongolia | 65 | 89 |
| Montenegro | .. | 88 |
| French Polynesia | 76 | 85 |
| Liechtenstein | 27 | 72 |
| Nicaragua | 46 | 72 |
| Caribbean Netherlands | 50 | 57 |
| Eritrea | 34 | 56 |
| Sint Maarten (Dutch part) | .. | 54 |
| Cabo Verde | 14 | 53 |
| Cuba | 110 | 46 |
| Solomon Islands | 85 | 38 |
| Bhutan | 17 | 36 |
| Georgia | .. | 33 |
| Samoa | 47 | 26 |
| Curaçao | .. | 24 |
| Greenland | 32 | 15 |
| Slovenia | 75 | 12 |
| Kiribati | 23 | 8 |
| Guinea | .. | 7 |
| British Citizens Living Abroad | 3,795,662 | 4,921,309 |
Foreign Nationals Living in the UK
During 1990-2017, the number of foreign nationals living in the UK has increased from 3.65 m to 8.84 m. Accordingly, the percentage of migrants in the UK population has nearly doubled from 6.38% to 13.36%.
| Year | Migrants | UK Pop. | % |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1990 | 3,650,286 | 57,183,331 | 6.38% |
| 1995 | 4,155,293 | 57,978,321 | 7.17% |
| 2000 | 4,730,165 | 58,950,847 | 8.02% |
| 2005 | 5,926,156 | 60,286,754 | 9.83% |
| 2010 | 7,604,583 | 63,306,843 | 12.01% |
| 2015 | 8,411,021 | 65,397,080 | 12.86% |
| 2017 | 8,841,717 | 66,181,585 | 13.36% |
Foreign Migrants in the UK by Country of Origin
Apparently, in 2017, as many as 8.84 m foreign nationals were living in the UK. And Polish, Indian, Pakistani, Irish and German nationals top the list of foreign nationals living in the UK.
| Country | Total | % |
|---|---|---|
| Poland | 874,291 | 9.89% |
| India | 836,524 | 9.46% |
| Pakistan | 529,324 | 5.99% |
| Ireland | 402,089 | 4.55% |
| Germany | 300,983 | 3.40% |
| Romania | 231,358 | 2.62% |
| Bangladesh | 228,353 | 2.58% |
| South Africa | 210,470 | 2.38% |
| Nigeria | 209,417 | 2.37% |
| China | 207,278 | 2.34% |
| United States of America | 190,491 | 2.15% |
| Italy | 170,454 | 1.93% |
| France | 160,991 | 1.82% |
| Lithuania | 158,854 | 1.80% |
| Portugal | 147,271 | 1.67% |
| Jamaica | 144,196 | 1.63% |
| Kenya | 141,020 | 1.59% |
| Philippines | 138,905 | 1.57% |
| Sri Lanka | 138,904 | 1.57% |
| Australia | 131,542 | 1.49% |
| Spain | 131,496 | 1.49% |
| Somalia | 119,953 | 1.36% |
| Zimbabwe | 117,873 | 1.33% |
| Ghana | 113,637 | 1.29% |
| Latvia | 98,882 | 1.12% |
| China, Hong Kong SAR | 98,384 | 1.11% |
| Canada | 91,545 | 1.04% |
| Iran (Islamic Republic of) | 90,499 | 1.02% |
| Slovakia | 89,422 | 1.01% |
| Hungary | 84,155 | 0.95% |
| Afghanistan | 80,160 | 0.91% |
| Turkey | 75,791 | 0.86% |
| Iraq | 74,719 | 0.85% |
| Netherlands | 72,604 | 0.82% |
| Bulgaria | 72,586 | 0.82% |
| Nepal | 70,487 | 0.80% |
| Malaysia | 65,253 | 0.74% |
| Cyprus | 63,160 | 0.71% |
| Uganda | 63,140 | 0.71% |
| New Zealand | 62,091 | 0.70% |
| Greece | 59,959 | 0.68% |
| Brazil | 55,772 | 0.63% |
| Czechia | 51,552 | 0.58% |
| Russian Federation | 48,399 | 0.55% |
| Singapore | 46,300 | 0.52% |
| Japan | 45,243 | 0.51% |
| United Republic of Tanzania | 43,139 | 0.49% |
| Thailand | 41,046 | 0.46% |
| Egypt | 39,980 | 0.45% |
| Belgium | 36,822 | 0.42% |
| Mauritius | 35,788 | 0.40% |
| Morocco | 35,765 | 0.40% |
| Sweden | 32,624 | 0.37% |
| Sierra Leone | 32,613 | 0.37% |
| Saudi Arabia | 31,574 | 0.36% |
| Viet Nam | 30,518 | 0.35% |
| Albania | 30,157 | 0.34% |
| Other North | 29,599 | 0.33% |
| Malta | 29,466 | 0.33% |
| Denmark | 29,459 | 0.33% |
| Zambia | 28,414 | 0.32% |
| Colombia | 22,703 | 0.26% |
| Algeria | 21,995 | 0.25% |
| Trinidad and Tobago | 20,796 | 0.24% |
| Guyana | 19,233 | 0.22% |
| Ukraine | 19,197 | 0.22% |
| Austria | 17,790 | 0.20% |
| Switzerland | 17,594 | 0.20% |
| Democratic Republic of the Congo | 17,194 | 0.19% |
| Barbados | 16,620 | 0.19% |
| Channel Islands | 16,350 | 0.18% |
| Sudan | 16,200 | 0.18% |
| Israel | 16,077 | 0.18% |
| Yemen | 15,910 | 0.18% |
| Eritrea | 15,604 | 0.18% |
| Dem. People’s Republic of Korea | 15,329 | 0.17% |
| Norway | 14,952 | 0.17% |
| Malawi | 14,652 | 0.17% |
| Libya | 14,499 | 0.16% |
| Lebanon | 14,043 | 0.16% |
| Ethiopia | 13,655 | 0.15% |
| Angola | 12,882 | 0.15% |
| Other South | 12,784 | 0.14% |
| Finland | 11,745 | 0.13% |
| Kuwait | 11,523 | 0.13% |
| Myanmar | 10,710 | 0.12% |
| United Arab Emirates | 10,095 | 0.11% |
| Gambia | 9,998 | 0.11% |
| Gibraltar | 9,801 | 0.11% |
| Argentina | 9,296 | 0.11% |
| Cameroon | 9,026 | 0.10% |
| Isle of Man | 8,681 | 0.10% |
| Mexico | 8,610 | 0.10% |
| Indonesia | 8,481 | 0.10% |
| Grenada | 8,206 | 0.09% |
| Syrian Arab Republic | 8,158 | 0.09% |
| Saint Lucia | 8,064 | 0.09% |
| Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) | 8,062 | 0.09% |
| Congo | 7,838 | 0.09% |
| Ecuador | 7,725 | 0.09% |
| Estonia | 7,674 | 0.09% |
| Croatia | 7,402 | 0.08% |
| Serbia | 7,385 | 0.08% |
| Côte d’Ivoire | 6,997 | 0.08% |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | 6,943 | 0.08% |
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 6,565 | 0.07% |
| Montserrat | 6,417 | 0.07% |
| Peru | 6,383 | 0.07% |
| Chile | 6,290 | 0.07% |
| Dominica | 5,616 | 0.06% |
| Republic of Korea | 5,548 | 0.06% |
| Fiji | 5,537 | 0.06% |
| Tunisia | 5,415 | 0.06% |
| Mozambique | 5,221 | 0.06% |
| Jordan | 5,182 | 0.06% |
| Bahrain | 5,133 | 0.06% |
| Saint Kitts and Nevis | 4,974 | 0.06% |
| Brunei Darussalam | 4,698 | 0.05% |
| Kazakhstan | 4,452 | 0.05% |
| Burundi | 3,951 | 0.04% |
| Rwanda | 3,919 | 0.04% |
| Belarus | 3,881 | 0.04% |
| Bermuda | 3,772 | 0.04% |
| Bolivia (Plurinational State of) | 3,316 | 0.04% |
| Antigua and Barbuda | 3,275 | 0.04% |
| Seychelles | 3,178 | 0.04% |
| Liberia | 3,151 | 0.04% |
| Botswana | 2,880 | 0.03% |
| Oman | 2,813 | 0.03% |
| Republic of Moldova | 2,801 | 0.03% |
| Georgia | 2,777 | 0.03% |
| TFYR Macedonia | 2,598 | 0.03% |
| Azerbaijan | 2,562 | 0.03% |
| Saint Helena | 2,391 | 0.03% |
| Uzbekistan | 2,347 | 0.03% |
| Qatar | 2,218 | 0.03% |
| Cuba | 2,184 | 0.02% |
| Namibia | 2,171 | 0.02% |
| Guinea-Bissau | 2,108 | 0.02% |
| Guinea | 2,072 | 0.02% |
| Slovenia | 1,883 | 0.02% |
| Iceland | 1,823 | 0.02% |
| Senegal | 1,750 | 0.02% |
| Luxembourg | 1,714 | 0.02% |
| Bahamas | 1,697 | 0.02% |
| Timor-Leste | 1,646 | 0.02% |
| Mongolia | 1,492 | 0.02% |
| Armenia | 1,467 | 0.02% |
| Togo | 1,428 | 0.02% |
| Swaziland | 1,307 | 0.01% |
| Dominican Republic | 1,217 | 0.01% |
| Uruguay | 1,206 | 0.01% |
| Belize | 1,189 | 0.01% |
| Cambodia | 1,069 | 0.01% |
| Cabo Verde | 1,048 | 0.01% |
| Papua New Guinea | 982 | 0.01% |
| Kyrgyzstan | 927 | 0.01% |
| Montenegro | 920 | 0.01% |
| Madagascar | 918 | 0.01% |
| Guatemala | 859 | 0.01% |
| Sao Tome and Principe | 842 | 0.01% |
| Falkland Islands (Malvinas) | 793 | 0.01% |
| El Salvador | 776 | 0.01% |
| Cayman Islands | 748 | 0.01% |
| Lesotho | 696 | 0.01% |
| Paraguay | 668 | 0.01% |
| Turkmenistan | 642 | 0.01% |
| Costa Rica | 637 | 0.01% |
| Panama | 629 | 0.01% |
| Lao People’s Democratic Republic | 586 | 0.01% |
| Honduras | 559 | 0.01% |
| Aruba | 555 | 0.01% |
| Benin | 555 | 0.01% |
| Anguilla | 477 | 0.01% |
| Djibouti | 398 | 0.00% |
| Suriname | 389 | 0.00% |
| Bhutan | 379 | 0.00% |
| Tajikistan | 372 | 0.00% |
| Monaco | 352 | 0.00% |
| Faeroe Islands | 350 | 0.00% |
| Mali | 336 | 0.00% |
| Nicaragua | 332 | 0.00% |
| Maldives | 329 | 0.00% |
| Gabon | 321 | 0.00% |
| Chad | 303 | 0.00% |
| Solomon Islands | 297 | 0.00% |
| Haiti | 278 | 0.00% |
| Equatorial Guinea | 255 | 0.00% |
| Tonga | 243 | 0.00% |
| British Virgin Islands | 238 | 0.00% |
| Burkina Faso | 193 | 0.00% |
| Mauritania | 190 | 0.00% |
| Samoa | 190 | 0.00% |
| Niger | 177 | 0.00% |
| Kiribati | 148 | 0.00% |
| Central African Republic | 139 | 0.00% |
| Vanuatu | 137 | 0.00% |
| Comoros | 126 | 0.00% |
| United States Virgin Islands | 109 | 0.00% |
| New Caledonia | 98 | 0.00% |
| Turks and Caicos Islands | 89 | 0.00% |
| French Polynesia | 70 | 0.00% |
| Andorra | 51 | 0.00% |
| Greenland | 48 | 0.00% |
| Liechtenstein | 25 | 0.00% |
| Nauru | 24 | 0.00% |
| Réunion | 10 | 0.00% |
| Migrants in the UK 2017 | 8,841,717 | 100.00% |
